Mitigating the socio economic and ecological impacts of genetically modified organisms in Uganda: a legal framework analysis for effective forestalling

Abstract

This study investigated the legal frameworks, socio-economic implications, and ecological impacts of genetically modified organisms in Uganda. It aimed to identify gaps and weaknesses in Uganda’s regulatory mechanisms, draw lessons from comparative frameworks in Kenya, South Africa, and Tanzania, and propose strategies for the effective management of genetically modified organisms. Using desk research, the study evaluated existing policies, legislation, and institutional frameworks governing genetically modified organisms in Uganda. Key findings revealed critical gaps in the country’s legal structure, including unclear risk management guidelines, limited public participation, and weak enforcement mechanisms. The comparative analysis provided insights from Kenya’s emphasis on stakeholder engagement, South Africa’s robust yet contested legal frameworks, and Tanzania’s cautious stance, offering valuable lessons for Uganda. The findings demonstrated both positive and negative impacts of genetically modified organisms. On the positive side, genetically modified organisms have the potential to enhance agricultural productivity, reduce pesticide use, conserve biodiversity, and improve food security. However, significant concerns remain, such as increased dependency on multinational corporations, biodiversity loss, and health risks related to genetic contamination and pesticide resistance. To address these challenges, the study recommends developing a comprehensive regulatory framework for genetically modified organisms, strengthening risk assessment and management processes, and promoting regional cooperation to address transboundary issues. Additionally, periodic reviews of biosafety legislation, enhanced public awareness, and the integration of international best practices are essential to foster sustainable agricultural innovation while safeguarding biodiversity and public health.